The tragedy of climate change science

The science-society contract is broken. The climate is changing. Science demonstrates why this is occurring, that it is getting worse, the implications for human well-being and social-ecological systems, and substantiates action. Governments agree that the science is settled. The tragedy of climate change science is that at the same time as compelling evidence is gathered, fresh warnings issued, and novel methodologies developed, indicators of adverse global change rise year upon year. Meanwhile, global responses to Covid-19 have shown that even emergent scientific knowledge can bolster radical government action. We explore three options for the climate change science community. We find that two options are untenable and one is unpalatable. Given the urgency and criticality of climate change, we argue the time has come for scientists to agree to a moratorium on climate change research as a means to first expose, then renegotiate, the broken science-society contract.

A call to strengthen local governance for preventing and mitigating global crises.

Deforestation and land conversion have dramatic consequences to biodiversity and disease emergence, but they are also deep-rooted in historical forces involved in environmental injustice. Global guidelines tackling global crises approach the problem using top-down formulas that often fail to match local needs and priorities, and are rarely evaluated for local suitability, implications, and impacts. Motivated by the report of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) workshop, published in 2020, we reflect on how drivers of zoonotic disease emergence are linked to historical injustices and how global initiatives tackling global crises are prone to reproducing colonial structures. We provide examples of local governance strengthening through horizontal and interdisciplinary collaborations, and how the support of local solutions can build resilience against global crises.

Near-real-time methodology for assessing global carbon emissions

Climate change is a major challenge for the sustainable development of mankind. Carbon emissions from human activities are the main driving force of global climate change, and the quantification of carbon emissions is the basis for coping with global changes and achieving carbon neutrality. Developing more spatially and temporally fine-grained carbon emission data to achieve more precise, accurate, and timely carbon emission monitoring is at the current forefront of the field and a major national demand. Here, a carbon emission quantitative method for near-real-time global carbon emissions is proposed, based on multi-source activity data such as statistics, satellite remote sensing, and observation. By parameterizing the extent of daily human activity, it can achieve a near-real-time quantitative estimation of global and regional carbon emissions according to the methodology of the IPCC 2006 guidelines, resolving preexisting challenges, including time lag of yearly emission inventories and how to spatialize the national inventories in high temporal resolution. This paves the way for more accurate, reliable, and verifiable carbon monitoring. Specifically, near-real-time estimates can reveal daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal changes in global carbon emissions. Results show that emissions are highly related to human activity (e.g., the emissions from Monday to Friday are at a high level but return to a relatively low level during weekends). In addition, winter emissions are higher than those of summer, reflecting the greater demand for heating in the winter for populations in the northern hemisphere and cooling demands in summer. This phenomenon can indicate the variations of seasonal changes in each country, where temperatures at different latitudes reflect heating and cooling demands. Sectoral emissions demonstrate the seasonality of power, including that used by residential sectors. During the COVID-19 pandemic, emissions dropped unprecedentedly, with the emissions of the power sector decreasing rapidly. During the pandemic, domestic aviation emissions were similar to ground transport emissions, while international aviation emissions remained low due to the restrictions imposed on entering and leaving countries. Spatialized daily emissions reveal discrepancies of fine-grained sectoral emissions with a spatial resolution of 0.1 degrees x0.1 degrees. Global daily average emissions show that emissions are concentrated within eastern America, western Europe, southeastern China, etc., with the emerging hotspots being the megacities in each region. Sectoral emissions vary because the sources of emissions of each sector are diverse. Uncertainties are crucial for evaluating the performance of spatialization and fine-grained temporal discretization of activity data. This methodology considers per-sector uncertainties according to the IPCC 2006 guidelines. The uncertainties for power, industry, ground transport, residential, aviation, and international shipping sectors are 14%, 36%, 9.3%, 40%, 10.2%, and 13.0%, respectively. For spatialization, the uncertainties come from national emission data and the EDGAR and GID datasets. The baseline emissions, point-source emissions and scale, non-point-source distribution, and proxy data contribute to the uncertainties. In the future, additional high spatiotemporal resolution data will be used in extra cross-validation and corrections to achieve more precise carbon monitoring.

Relationship Between the Formation of Post-Covid Residential Complexes and the Architecture of Soviet Commune Houses

The article explores the connection between the principles shaping the architecture of contemporary Russian residential complexes and Soviet commune houses of the 1920s and 1930s. Today, the social picture has changed, society lives under the conditions of "new normality”. As a result of social upheaval, people develop new ideas about the world and their way of life is transformed. Modern residential complexes begin to be formed according to the principle of ‘self-sufficiency', as a network of interconnected spaces which ensure the satisfaction of all the needs of the residents within the space of the residential complex. Soviet commune houses were formed on a similar principle, providing for the satisfaction of domestic needs within a residential unit. Considering the modern period and the period of Soviet history in the 1920s and 1930s, the author relates the ongoing global changes. Two factors, social and epidemiological, which had the strongest influence on the development of housing typologies of the two periods, are analyzed. By comparing the contents of the two typologies of housing in the considered periods, a direct analogy of functional spaces can be traced. The patterns which were laid down in the planning of residential space in commune houses are updated under the conditions of modernity and repeated in the solutions of new residential complexes. Modern architecture is revealed by the authors through a reinterpretation of the experience of past generations. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Native microbiomes in danger: Could One Health help to cope with this threat to global health

Planetary health faces an emergency associated with global change. Climate change, the increase in world population and urban concentration, the hyperintensification of productive systems, and the associated changes in land use, among other factors, are generating a risky substrate for global health deterioration. The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is an example of the problems that this situation can provoke. Several researchers and health professionals have addressed the role of microorganisms, particularly bacteria, in promoting global health, mainly in the past decades. However, global change has contributed to the extinction of a wide array of bacterial species and the disruption of microbial communities that support the homeostasis of humans, animals, and the environment. The need to protect the diversity and richness of native microbiomes in biotic and abiotic environments is crucial but has been frequently underestimated. The "One Health" approach, based on integrating traditionally unconnected fields such as human, animal, and environmental health, could provide a helpful framework to face this challenge. Anyway, drastic political decisions will be needed to tackle this global health crisis, in which the preservation of native microbial resources plays a critical role, even in preventing the risk of a new pandemic. This review aims to explain the importance of native microbiomes in biotic and abiotic ecosystems and the need to consider bacterial extinction as a crucial problem that could be addressed under a One Health approachCopyright © Zunino

Self-assessment of Psychological Issues of Bangladeshi and Russian Students on the Online Learning During the Pandemic

Currently the educational systems of many countries have a growing influence of the changing educational paradigm due to global changes in global politics, economics' transition to the information society and the challenges of pandemics. COVID-19 has significantly affected tertiary learning systems in Bangladesh, Russia and all around the world, and has forced curricula to be transformed into an online format. The research was conducted at the University of Dhaka and the University of Rajshahi in Bangladesh, as well as at the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University in Russia. The analysis of the participants' answers helped to identify the following psychological issues on learning continuity by the university students, such as: attention, motivation, emotion and anxiety of students. According to the research, students from Bangladesh got tired faster, felt loneliness more acutely, and experienced health problems than their Russian colleagues during online learning. Russian students took notes of their lectures more often, claimed to use various memorization techniques, spent more time online while studying, and were more demanding of handout materials and presentations. Bangladeshi students faced more difficulties with concentration and focusing their attention during online training. The motivation and interest of Bangladeshi students in online learning were significantly lower than Russian students' learning motivation. Also, the level of stress and anxiety among Bangladeshi students was higher. Thus, psychological issues on learning continuity based on learner satisfaction are vital to minimize the negative impact of rapid changes in the educational process and ensure effective online education during digital transformation. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Effects of global shocks on the evolution of an interconnected world

As the world grows more interconnected through the flows of people, goods, and information, many challenges are becoming more difficult to address since human needs are increasingly being met through global supply chains. Global shocks (e.g., war, economic recession, pandemic) can severely disrupt these interconnections and generate cascading consequences across local to global scales. To comprehensively evaluate these consequences, it is crucial to use integrated frameworks that consider multiple interconnections and flows among coupled human and natural systems. Here we use the framework of metacoupling (human–nature interactions within as well as across adjacent and distant systems) to illustrate the effects of major global shocks on the evolution of global interconnectedness between the early 1900s and the 2010s. Based on these results we make a few actionable recommendations to reduce the negative impacts of an ongoing global shock, the COVID-19 pandemic, to promote global sustainability. © 2022, The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

B-Learning in undergraduate nursing education: pre COVID-19 and COVID-19 experience

COVID-19 has caused global changes in the way of teaching and learning. Some experiences have shown that the reopening of universities will be done with small groups of students and with a smaller number of face-to-face classes per group. The forms of teaching and learning that began as emergency formulas may become the new pedagogical normality in the current and future context. The article shows the results of the comparative experience of the implementation of the Nursing Care in Mental Health course in two types of b-Learning modalities. The study was experimental with 156 students in two groups: 2019 (pre COVID-19) called Type-1 and 2021 (during COVID-19) called Type-2. The students were evaluated through instruments that considered theoretical learning and practical skills. We also evaluated user satisfaction considering the items of the European Foundation for Quality in e-Learning () and the Sustainable Environment for the Evaluation of Quality in e-Learning (SEQUEL). Results demonstrated that the b-Learning Type-1 modality was more effective than the b-Learning Type-2 modality. The implementation improved the learning process by 66.7% and practical skills by 88.5%. The implementation of the course was favorable and the students showed a high degree of satisfaction with a result of 82.1% The results validate that the b-Learning modality is effective, especially when there is a greater number of virtual hours and active methodologies, it is also important to consider international quality standards. © 2022 IEEE.

Toward the Development of writing conference papers skills in Engineering students-COVID 19 implementation experience

COVID-19 has caused global changes in the way of teaching and learning. The new forms of teaching how to write papers to Engineering students that began in 2020 may become a new pedagogical alternative. The literature had already shown the advantages of using technology for teaching, highlighting the possibilities of collaboration, and to give students a leading role in the development of their learning process. The article shows the experience of teaching writing conference papers to Engineering students under a virtual environment. The study was experimental with 54 students in two groups: Control Group and Experimental Group. The students were evaluated through an instrument that considered three dimensions: planning, writing and reviewing. Results demonstrated that it is possible to develop technical writing skills in Engineering students in a virtual environment. © 2022 IEEE.

New paradigms in a microbe-threatened world

Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases had inflicted devastating damage to the world. The plague pandemic had killed 30% of population in Europe and may eventually contribute to the collapse of the Mongol Empire. Several influenza pandemics also affected the world population over the course of the 20th and early 21st centuries. The recent global changes may have significant impact on the risk of infectious disease outbreak. In particular, climate change potentially expands the range of locations suitable to a particular pathogen or vector, and the increased international travel will enable pathogens to reach the new environments more rapidly. In response to the challenges of emerging infectious diseases, World Health Organization comes up with a list of diseases and pathogens which are prioritized for research and development in the context of public health emergency. It includes viral haemorrhagic fever, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Nipah virus, Zika virus, and Disease X, which represents a pathogen currently unknown to cause human disease but requires cross-cutting preparedness. In fact, the first Disease X has appeared and caused by a highly transmissible virus, subsuqently identified to be a novel beta-coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which is the causative agent for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our world is reshaped by the COVID-19 pandemic. To tackle the pre-symptomatic shedding and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the most stringent public health measure was implemented to lockdown the cities in many parts of the world. Global lockdown may control the spread of the virus, but the impact of the lockdown has caused a significant impact in economy and different strata of our daily life. However, health is being prioritized above global economy in fight against COVID-19. Social distancing, universal masking, enhanced testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2, and mass vaccination for the population become a new norm in the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic will be eventually terminated. But our world is still threatened by emerging microbial agents which may have public health impact. It requires international collaboration to overcome the emerging threat and crisis.

Threats of COVID-19 arouse public awareness of climate change risks.

Public climate change awareness is indispensable to dealing with climate change threats. Understanding whether and how the COVID-19 pandemic impacts on individuals' climate change risk perception would thus be critical to green economic recovery. We conducted a longitudinal survey study in China when the pandemic was at its height and when it was mitigated. The cross-lagged analysis confirmed our assumed "arousal" effect of perceived COVID-19 risks on climate change risk awareness. We further tested and verified the proposed "dual-pathway" mechanisms of affective generalization (i.e., negative affective states aroused by COVID-19 "spillover" to the assessment of climate change risk) and cognitive association (i.e., the outbreak of COVID-19 awakens people's recognition of the human-nature-climate issues) via multiple mediation analyses. Our results implied that climate policies could be integrated into pandemic control, and that the public should be more awakened to confront multiple crises with proper guidance.

Evidence to Inform Resilience Policy in the SADC: Current Limitations and Future Research Areas

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and its member countries are potentially vulnerable to external disturbances, including environmental, economic, and social shocks. Regional policy emphasizes interventions to ensure long-term growth and development in the face of potential disturbance. Current emphasis is placed on mitigating the impact of climate change, including the creation of the SADC Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan. However, the need for long-term adaptation and associated policy is evident to reduce regional vulnerabilities. Research is an important source of evidence to support policymaking, with specific importance to institutions in developing regions such as the SADC and during times of global change and disruption. SADC development policy related to resilience outcomes ought to be informed by research. This paper investigates the extent to which existing research supports regional resilience policymaking. Objectives include investigating available research on resilience in the SADC, identifying potential limitations, and delineating areas of future research to be considered by researchers that contribute to knowledge and evidence creation. A bibliometric review and selective content review of existing research were utilized. Relevant publications for the aforesaid analysis were delineated using the source concepts “resilience”, “adaptation”, “adaptability”, and “Southern African Development Community” (or “SADC”). Using the SCOPUS database, bibliometric data of 65 publications were imported into the VOSviewer application (v.1.6.17). Keyword occurrences and network and overlay visualizations were applied to identify the research themes underlying current research. The findings, which were supported by the selective content review, indicate that existing research focuses primarily on environmental and social disturbances, while the applicable regional planning scale and development policy are considered to a limited extent. Areas of future research ought to create evidence that is thematically relevant to policy areas and applicable to policy interventions, which necessitates increased research on economic disturbances, a broadening of existing themes to the appropriate regional planning scale, and consideration of explicit regional development objectives and policy. Transdisciplinarity ought to be central to future research on the diverse disturbances facing the region, while researchers ought to leverage knowledge-creation opportunities catalyzed by SDG implementation.

Cities in the Context of Global Change: Challenges and the Need for Smart and Resilient Cities

Cities are now home to over 4.3 billion people, more than 56% of world population, and further growth in urbanization trends is projected for the coming decades. According to United Nations, 68% of world population is projected to live in urban areas by 2050. Traditionally, people have migrated to cities in search for better livelihood opportunities, better access to services and amenities, and enhanced quality of life. These aspirations may not always be fully realized due to various factors such as ineffective urban development and management policies and practices. As a result, externalities and problems such as social inequality, crime, environmental pollution, and traffic jam are common in many urban areas, especially those in developing countries. Climate change and the recent COVID-19 pandemic have reignited the debates over cities and their future. On the one hand, there are many concerns over the vulnerability of cities to the impacts of climate change and other stressors and extreme events such as pandemics. On the other hand, it is argued that effective urban management policies and practices can provide solutions for addressing the increasing challenges that cities are facing and contribute to mitigating global climate change. Reliance on conventional approaches and strategies may, however, not be sufficient if cities want to be part of the solution to climate change and other challenges. Therefore, there has been increasing emphasis on adopting innovative and disruptive solutions that are transformative and can accelerate transition toward creating cities that are more resilient and sustainable. This has led to growing interest and investment in smart solutions and technologies enabled by advances in information and communication technologies. Based on an overview of the existing literature, in this chapter, I first discuss some of the major challenges that cities are now facing. Results show that major challenges are related to ecological degradation, unregulated urban expansion, climate change adaptation and mitigation, resource management, fragmented urban management, air pollution, housing, and transportation. Next, I briefly discuss potential contributions of smart city solutions and technologies to overcoming these challenges. Finally, I provide a summary of this edited volume and its contributions to advancing knowledge on smart and resilient cities. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Plan España Puede

This article aims to reflect on the challenges and conditioning factors derived from the processes of urban rehabilitaron, regeneraron and resilience (hereinafter RRR), as well as the scope for intervention of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan for Spain (hereinafter PlanEspañaPuede), with a particular stress on the aspects to be considered in this RRR, as a consequence of the change resulting from COVID-19, foreseeable socioeconomic changes, the technological change, the impact of global warming/climate change, and the evolution of the energy issue on transportaron, pollution, citizen well-being, and urban environmental sustainability. © 2021 Colegio de Ingenieros de Caminos Canales y Puertos. All rights reserved.

Healthcare system resilience in Bangladesh and Haiti in times of global changes (climate-related events, migration and Covid-19): an interdisciplinary mixed method research protocol.

BACKGROUND: Since climate change, pandemics and population mobility are challenging healthcare systems, an empirical and integrative research to studying and help improving the health systems resilience is needed. We present an interdisciplinary and mixed-methods research protocol, ClimHB, focusing on vulnerable localities in Bangladesh and Haiti, two countries highly sensitive to global changes. We develop a protocol studying the resilience of the healthcare system at multiple levels in the context of climate change and variability, population mobility and the Covid-19 pandemic, both from an institutional and community perspective. METHODS: The conceptual framework designed is based on a combination of Levesque's Health Access Framework and the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office's Resilience Framework to address both outputs and the processes of resilience of healthcare systems. It uses a mixed-method sequential exploratory research design combining multi-sites and longitudinal approaches. Forty clusters spread over four sites will be studied to understand the importance of context, involving more than 40 healthcare service providers and 2000 households to be surveyed. We will collect primary data through questionnaires, in-depth and semi-structured interviews, focus groups and participatory filming. We will also use secondary data on environmental events sensitive to climate change and potential health risks, healthcare providers' functioning and organisation. Statistical analyses will include event-history analyses, development of composite indices, multilevel modelling and spatial analyses. DISCUSSION: This research will generate inter-disciplinary evidence and thus, through knowledge transfer activities, contribute to research on low and middle-income countries (LMIC) health systems and global changes and will better inform decision-makers and populations.

The Digitalization of HR Processes: Success Factors and Consequences

Research Background: As a result of the current unprecedented global changes due to Covid-19 pandemic, many organizations were obliged to face the reality, i.e., to keep a social distance and therefore to swap into the digital world, so that they can survive the current challenges. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to review recent publications, to analyze them and to provide an insight on the factors that determine the success of the digitalization process in HRM and define its consequences. Methods: This paper provides a comprehensive review of quantitative, qualitative and theoretical studies published in journals and distinguishes articles that fall within the search criteria. Findings and value added: Human resources management in most companies put an effort on the digital transformation of their processes in order to survive and grow. The author found that the existing literature focuses more on the study of the consequences of the digitalization of HRM than on the study of the factors that determine its success. We also distinguished three categories of factors, i.e., technological, organizational and people factors. This research is furthermore supplied with conditions to be respected in organizations to obtain a good HRM digitalization. These findings won’t only benefit academicians but also managers and potential researchers, because they will be able to acknowledge the various aspects about the digital transformation of HRM. © Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Strategic Management and its Support by Information Systems 2021, SMSIS 2021.

Reset or temporary break? Attitudinal change, risk perception and future travel intention in tourists experiencing the COVID-19 pandemic

Purpose: There is little knowledge to date regarding the influence of the COVID-19 health crisis on tourists' intention to travel differently in the future. This paper addresses this and explores its determinants. The objective of the present study is to determine to what extent the Spanish tourists affected by COVID-19 may change the way they travel in the future, according to the perceived risk of travel in a pandemic context. Design/methodology/approach: Between May and June 2020, the authors conducted a survey with a sample population of Spanish tourists who were resident in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic, for the purposes of studying the role of attitudes and risk in the intention to change the way they want to travel in the future. Cluster analysis and one-way ANOVA were conducted to assess differences among the respondents. Finally, some models were built using the linear regression technique in order to evaluate the role of attitudes in the tourists' adaptive response to the perceived risk of travel. Findings: Results confirm the formation of a new way of life influencing tourists' intentions to travel more sustainably. Accordingly, tourists with a previous environmental attitude are less interested in visiting mass tourism beach destinations in the future. However, changes in the way some tourists travel can also be read as an adaptive and temporary response to the perceived risk of contracting the disease, and do not point to a reduction of the vital importance of tourism in their lives. Research limitations/implications: The exploratory nature of the study and the lack of similar international analyses does not allow the authors to contrast its results at a global level, though it offers a starting point for future research in other countries. There are also methodological limitations, since the field work was carried out between the first and second waves of the disease, at a time when the pandemic was in remission, possibly affecting the orientation of some responses, given the desire to recover normalcy and “normal” travel, and this may have influenced the priority given to tourism. Social implications: This study gives new insights into the debate on the social transformation of the collective consciousness. Despite some signs of change, part of the Spanish tourists are still anchored in traditional tourism practices embedded in cultural factors, which can hinder sustainability in the Spanish tourism industry. The experience of the COVID-19 crisis has not been sufficient to change the declared travel habits of Spanish tourists. Therefore, progress towards the definition of a new tourism system that implies the effective transformation of demand will require applying policies and promoting institutional innovation and education to create paths that facilitate transformative experiences. Originality/value: The study is focused on the analysis of the relationship between attitudes and risk perception, including novel elements that enrich the academic debate on social progress in the transformation of tourism and the possibilities of promoting a reset from the demand side. Moreover, it incorporates, for the first time, the COVID-19 as it was experienced as an explanatory variable to analyse the changing travel attitudes in a post-COVID-19 era. The analysis of the psychosocial mechanisms of risk offers a good opportunity for a better assessment of post-pandemic demand risk perception. Finally, the study offers empirical evidence on how Spanish tourists are reimagining their next and future holidays, which can be highly valuable for destination managers. © 2022, Francesc González-Reverté, Joan Miquel Gomis-López, Pablo Díaz-Luque.

Near-real-time global gridded daily CO2 emissions.

Precise and high-resolution carbon dioxide (CO2) emission data is of great importance in achieving carbon neutrality around the world. Here we present for the first time the near-real-time Global Gridded Daily CO2 Emissions Dataset (GRACED) from fossil fuel and cement production with a global spatial resolution of 0.1° by 0.1° and a temporal resolution of 1 day. Gridded fossil emissions are computed for different sectors based on the daily national CO2 emissions from near-real-time dataset (Carbon Monitor), the spatial patterns of point source emission dataset Global Energy Infrastructure Emissions Database (GID), Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), and spatiotemporal patters of satellite nitrogen dioxide (NO2) retrievals. Our study on the global CO2 emissions responds to the growing and urgent need for high-quality, fine-grained, near-real-time CO2 emissions estimates to support global emissions monitoring across various spatial scales. We show the spatial patterns of emission changes for power, industry, residential consumption, ground transportation, domestic and international aviation, and international shipping sectors from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020. This gives thorough insights into the relative contributions from each sector. Furthermore, it provides the most up-to-date and fine-grained overview of where and when fossil CO2 emissions have decreased and rebounded in response to emergencies (e.g., coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) and other disturbances of human activities of any previously published dataset. As the world recovers from the pandemic and decarbonizes its energy systems, regular updates of this dataset will enable policymakers to more closely monitor the effectiveness of climate and energy policies and quickly adapt.

The tragedy of climate change science

The science-society contract is broken. The climate is changing. Science demonstrates why this is occurring, that it is getting worse, the implications for human well-being and social-ecological systems, and substantiates action. Governments agree that the science is settled. The tragedy of climate change science is that at the same time as compelling evidence is gathered, fresh warnings issued, and novel methodologies developed, indicators of adverse global change rise year upon year. Meanwhile, global responses to Covid-19 have shown that even emergent scientific knowledge can bolster radical government action. We explore three options for the climate change science community. We find that two options are untenable and one is unpalatable. Given the urgency and criticality of climate change, we argue the time has come for scientists to agree to a moratorium on climate change research as a means to first expose, then renegotiate, the broken science-society contract.

The impact of the Covid-19 lockdown on the human experience of nature.

The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in extensive lockdowns implemented all around the world and billion of people have been asked to stay at home for several weeks. Although this global confinement has had potentially huge unintended consequences on the environment and on its associated wildlife, this study shows that it has also impacted the human experience of nature. Based on an online questionnaire, this study aims to assess how the significant changes in people's everyday lives induced by the French lockdown impacted their relationship with other species. Participants did not only observe and interact more with non human species, but also discovered new traits characterizing them, and felt less lonely thanks to them. The impact of the lockdown was stronger on people's relationship with their pets, farm animals, home plants and with birds than with other plants and animals. This study further demonstrates that participants with different profiles have been affected differently. In particular, women and people with better access to nature were clearly more sensitive to changes and have been more positively impacted in their relationships with other species. Acting as a real world experiment, the lockdown reveals to which extent our experience of nature is embedded in social, cultural and political contexts.